Nanovaccines in the treatment of chronic and complex diseases

Abstract

The development of nanovaccines is advancing rapidly as a promising tool in the fight against chronic and complex diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines, nanovaccines use nanoparticles to improve antigen delivery, which optimizes the immune response. The present study aims to describe the current status of the use of nanovaccines in the treatment of various pathologies such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and antibiotic-resistant infections. A systematic analytical literature review was conducted to learn about nanovaccines and their use as treatment tools for numerous diseases, using reliable databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and SciELO.  The studies reviewed show that nanoparticles, when used as carriers of tumor antigens, can improve the activation of the immune system, direct the response toward malignant cells, and promote apoptosis, thereby reducing tumor growth. Despite advances, challenges remain in terms of production, costs, and long-term efficacy, so more research is needed for their clinical application.