Effects of chronic alcoholism on organ damage. Pathogenic processes and clinical manifestationsPathogenic processes and clinical manifestations.

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic alcoholism is a condition with systemic effects that compromises cellular integrity through various pathogenic mechanisms. These include oxidative stress, persistent inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which promote gradual cell death.

Objective: To describe the pathogenic mechanisms and clinical manifestations of organ damage in patients with chronic alcoholism.

Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was used with a population of 103 patients and a sample of 67 patients. Descriptive statistical techniques were applied to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of cellular damage.

Results: A higher frequency of hypertension was observed (64.18%), with family history (68.25%) being the main risk factor. Alcohol consumption was markedly higher in men (72.2%), and excessive consumption was more prevalent in the 18–65 age group (28.5%). The majority of cirrhosis cases were directly attributed to prolonged alcohol consumption (68%). Hepatitis B and C (22%) were present in a significant proportion. Oxidative stress was identified, evidenced by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, an increased incidence of liver, esophageal, and oral cancers was observed.

Conclusions: Chronic alcoholism induces cellular damage through various mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, chronic inflammation, and disruption of the intestinal barrier.