Long-term clinical manifestations of COVID-19: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches
Keywords:
Long COVID, persistent symptoms, internal medicine, post-COVID rehabilitation, multisystem dysfunction.Abstract
Post-COVID syndrome, also known as long COVID, is an emerging clinical challenge for internal medicine. This condition is characterized by persistent symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive dysfunction, sleep disturbances, and cardiovascular complications that may last for months after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical variability and the lack of specific diagnostic markers hinder effective management. This article explores the most prevalent clinical manifestations, proposed pathophysiological mechanisms—including persistent inflammation, dysautonomia, and immune dysregulation—and current diagnostic criteria. Therapeutic strategies are also reviewed, emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach that includes physical rehabilitation, neuropsychiatric symptom management, and respiratory support. The importance of structured clinical follow-up is underscored to improve patients’ quality of life. Internal medicine plays a key role in the identification, classification, and comprehensive treatment of this emerging syndrome
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