Periodontal disease during pregnancy and its effects on maternal and fetal health

Abstract

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the tissues that support the teeth; its prevalence is high in pregnant women. Several studies have demonstrated its relationship with gestational problems such as premature birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia, highlighting its influence on the health of the mother and fetus. la relación entre la patología periodontal y la gestación en relación con los resultados obstétricos.The objective of this study is to describe examine the relationship between  periodontal disease and pregnancy, concerning obstetric outcomes. Based on a bibliographic, exploratory and documentary review of the existing scientific literature, which included systematic reviews, meta-analyses and scientific research, key terms such as periodontal disease, pregnancy, periodontitis, gingivitis, estrogens, progesterone, oral microbiota, premature birth and low birth weight were used. The significant studies selected are from recent years and focus on the maternal-fetal impacts of periodontal disease. The findings indicate that hormonal changes during pregnancy, especially in the production of estrogen and progesterone, alter the oral flora and intensify gum inflammation, promoting as well the progression of periodontal disease. This situation, in turn, can cause a systemic inflammatory reaction that poses a risk to fetal growth and the outcome of the pregnancy. Promoting oral hygiene and periodontal monitoring during pregnancy could help reduce associated risks and improve the health of both mother and fetus.