Actualización sobre la transmisión vertical o perinatal del VIH - Sánchez Ramírez, Eliset; Valdés Silva, Yaimara; Robles García, Lourdes; Esquivel Caballero, Orlando; Forjans Paneque, Abelardo (Correo Científico Médico, 2013)
<!--[if gte mso 9]> 800x600 <![endif]--> El <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">incremento de <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">mujeres en edad fértil que viven con VIH/sida ha condicionado un aumento de niños expuestos al virus<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">, conocida como transmisión vertical o perinatal.<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-TRAD"> La forma más frecuente de contagio por el virus VIH en niños, ocurre durante el embarazo, el parto y a través de la lactancia. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">Con estas<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-TRAD"> premisas<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-TRAD"> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-AR">se realizó un estudio de revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de actualizar los principales factores involucrados en las diferentes formas de transmisión materna del VIH y el estado actual de las medidas preventivas <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-AR">que permitan maximizar la eficacia <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-AR">de las diferentes intervenciones y estrategias de salud infantil. Para<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-AR"> l<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; color: black; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-TRAD">a búsqueda bibliográfica se consultaron las bases de datos Pubmed, Scielo, Medline, LILACS, con una antigüedad no mayor a cinco años. Entre <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;">las medidas profilácticas más efectivas<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-TRAD"> se constató<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-TRAD"> el uso de drogas antirretrovirales (zidovidina, AZT) que fueron indicadas sola o en combinación con otras durante el embarazo, parto y en las seis primeras semanas de vida del bebé, además, de la eliminación de la lactancia materna. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-fareast-language: ES-AR;" lang="ES-AR">Actualmente, una nueva opción de la Organización Mundial de la Salud propone iniciar la triple terapia con antirretrovirales (ARV) en todas las embarazadas infectadas por el VIH en la Clínica de Atención Prenatal, y continuar con el tratamiento de por vida. La revisión concluyó que la principal ventaja de esta opción esta dada por la prevención de la transmisión materna infantil en embarazos futuros. En relación con los procederes obstétricos se conservaron como prevenciones seguras el evitar técnicas invasivas unido a la terminación del embarazo por cesárea. Palabras clave: VIH, promoción y educación para la salud, síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirido, factores de riesgo. <!--[if gte mso 9]> Dr. Eliset Sánchez Rámirez. 14.00 <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]> Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} --> <!--[endif] --> ABSTRACT The increase of reproductive age living with HIV / AIDS in women has led to an increase of children exposed to the virus, known as vertical or perinatal transmission. The most common form of infection by the HIV virus in children occurs during pregnancy, childbirth and through breastfeeding. Considering these premises, a literture review was done, with the aim of updating the main factors involved in the different forms of maternal transmission of HIV as well as the current state of preventive measures to maximize the effectiveness of different interventions and strategies for child health. The PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE, LILACS database were consulted (those articles of no more than five years of publication). The use of antiretroviral drugs (zidovidine, AZT) was the most effective preventive measures found. These drugs were prescribed with others during pregnancy, delivery and in the first six weeks of a baby's life, in addition, the elimination of the breastfeeding. Currently, a new option for the World Health Organization is to propose the antiretroviral triple therapy (ARV) in all HIV-infected pregnant women, and continue the treatment for the rest of their life. The study revealed that the main advantage of this option was based on the prevention of mother-child transmission in future pregnancies. In relation to the obstetric procedure, the invasive techniques were preserved together with the use of cesarean section. Keywords: HIV, promotion and health education, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, risk factors. <!--[if gte mso 9]> Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]--><!--[if !mso]> <mce:style><! st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } --> <!--[endif] --><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} --> <!--[endif] -->